Infrared Thermometer

To evaluate infrared thermometer accuracy compared to the standard virtual thermometer in measuring kidney temperature during arterial clamping without renal cooling.

Materials and Methods

Arterial clamping became performed without venous clamping. The renal temperature changed into serially measured following clamping of the main renal artery with the IRT and a virtual contact thermometer on the spot after clamping. Temperature values have been expressed in mean, well-known deviation, and range for each thermometer. We used the T student test to examine approach and taken into consideration p < 0.05 to be statistically enormous.

Introduction

Infrared thermometers (IRT) are broadly used for industrial purposes and have been these days included in scientific practice worldwide. IRT infer temperature by way of using a part of the thermal radiation emitted through the object of measurement. Its accuracy has been examined in several facilities for evaluation of febrile sufferers and a few authors located dependable outcomes while compared to standard mercury thermometer (eleven 12). Others couldn’t gain equal results and controversy persists (13 14).

Nonetheless, IRT showed splendid accuracy when measuring the temperature of fluids to be administered intravenously (15) and it has been proved reliable when tracking plastic surgical procedure grafts (16). To date, there aren’t any clinical or experimental researches checking out IRT for temperature monitoring in the course of renal ischemia and/or cooling tactics. The purpose of our research became to assess IRT accuracy and precision in measuring renal temperature compared to standard digital contact thermometer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Swine Experimental Model

The Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of our Institution permitted the experimental protocol. Between December/2010 and February/2011, 20 domestic male pigs weighing 20Kg were used inside the test. All methods were finished underneath fashionable anesthesia: after preoperative fasting or as a minimum eight hours, they have been submitted to sedation with ketamine (12 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg), inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane, and had been intubated for mechanical ventilation. Cardiac rate, pulse oximetry, and blood pressure were constantly monitored.

Operating room temperature changed into maintained among 20 and 25°C. All animals underwent a proper subcostal incision of 10 cm, observed through renal pill release, renal hilum publicity, and selective identification of renal vessels. Only one renal unit became manipulated consistently with the pig. Each kidney turned into finally submitted to experimental conditions defined bellow.

Temperature Measurement

Pig temperature become obtained the use of a trendy rectal thermometer. Renal arterial clamping was done without venous clamping. The renal temperature became serially measured following clamping of the primary renal artery: temperature values have been obtained immediately after clamping (T0), after 2 (T2), 5 (T5), and 10 minutes (T10). The technique becomes performed in 10 pigs with renal cooling (Group 1 – Cold Ischemia) and in 10 animals without renal cooling (Group 2 – Warm Ischemia). A laptop program changed into used for animal randomization. Cooling turned into received by setting 4°C ice slush in 90% of the overall renal floor.

The ice-loose floor changed into a used for temperature measurement. By using the digital contact thermometer (DT), we assured similar temperatures become acquired each in ice-covered and ice-free areas. In both groups, the renal temperature changed into concurrently measured with a DT and IRT (Figure-1). DT changed into used to measure not best surface but additionally deep kidney temperatures in the course of the experiment so as to guarantee homogeneous kidney cooling. As a result, two temperature curves for DT and a 3rd curve for the IRT were received in Groups 1 and 2.

Results

In Group 1, imply DT floor temperature decrease became 12.6 ± 4.1°C (5-19°C) at the same time as deep DT temperature decrease became 15.8 ± 1.5°C (15-18°C). For the IRT, imply temperature lower was 9.1 ± 3.8°C (3-14°C). There changed into no statistically considerable distinction between thermometers. In Group 2, floor temperature lower for DT become 2.7 ± 1.eight°C (0-4°C) and suggest deep temperature lower was 0.5 ± 1.0°C (0-3°C). For IRT, imply temperature lower became 3.1 ± 1.9°C (0-6°C). No statistically substantial difference between thermometers changed into determined at any time point.

Conclusions

IRT proved to be a correct non-invasive precise device for renal temperature tracking throughout kidney surgical operation. External ice slush cooling confirmed to be speedy and effective at cooling the pig model.

IRT = Infrared thermometer

DT = Digital touch thermometer

D:S = Distance-to-spot ratio

Keywords: Renal Blood Flow; Effective; Ischemia; Infrared Rays; Thermometers